The experiments span from fundamental studies under ultrahigh vacuum to reactions with complex environments of liquids and high pressures of gases. Through the research, we gain a better understanding of materials' structure and properties, unveil the origins of natural processes, and strive to improve the performance of technological applications. We use scanning probe microscopy (STM/AFM) to study the structure with atomic precision in combination with chemically sensitive spectroscopic methods (XPS, LEIS) and a custom-made apparatus for dosing ultrapure liquid water on well-defined surfaces and in the absence of air-borne impurities to strip away the complexity of the ambient environment.